Proteins & Peptides

Translocation through the plasma membrane has been shown to be a major limiting step for the delivery of various macromolecules to the cytoplasm and other intracellular compartments (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus). Numerous studies have confirmed that specific peptide sequences known as cell penetrating peptides (CPP) derived from proteins able to cross the plasma membrane, can be added to various cargo and delivered across cell membranes. The cargo molecules that have been successfully transported into cells includes oligonucleotides, peptides, peptide nucleic acids, proteins and nanoparticles. One of these translocating peptides was derived from the HIV-1 Tat protein, specifically located within the first exon of the HIV tat protein. The specific HIV tat sequence is highly basic (cationic) and is readily added to peptides either as a preformed peptide with a site for direct conjugation to other molecules (typically a cysteine). Addition of the tat-cargo complex (5-50 uM concentrat

Obestatin, a putative peptide hormone, is a small protein encoded by the same gene that also encodes ghrelin, the peptide hormone that increases appetite.

Histatins are antimicrobial and antifungal proteins found in the saliva. They play a role in wound closure. The three major histatins are HTN1, HTN3, and HTN5.

Histatins are antimicrobial and antifungal proteins found in the saliva. They play a role in wound closure. The three major histatins are HTN1, HTN3, and HTN5.

Histatins are antimicrobial and antifungal protein found in the saliva. And play a role in wound closure.

Amyloid peptides, derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), are thought to play a role in the development of the senile plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The amyloid hypothesis presupposes that flaws in the processing of APP result in abnormally high levels of the longer, “stickier” forms of beta amyloid, known as Aβ42 and Aβ43, leading to aggregation of amyloid in the neuronal cell death and ultimately neuronal death. Mutations in the structure of Aβ40 and related peptides as well as in some of the enzymes involved in the processing of APP have been shown to alter the processing of APP. The sporadic (i.e., non-genetic) form of the disease, however, is far more common, caused by aging in concert with a number of both genetic and environmental risk factors.

The nucleosome is comprised of 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a series of histone proteins arranged as an octamer consisting of 2 copies of histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Within the nucleosome core the histone proteins are covalent modified at specific residues predominantly within the N-terminal tail including lysine (acetylation, methylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitinylation), arginine methylation and citrullination, serine and threonine phosphorylation, as well as proline isomerization. The lysine side chains can carry up to three methyl groups (mono-, di- and tri- methylated forms) and the arginine side chain can be monomethylated or can be dimethylated as the symmetric or asymmetric forms. The modifications show temporal, disease-specific, and other types of cell-specific regulation and there are specific families of enzymes that regulate the methylation, demethylation, acetylation, deacetylation and other modifications. Research has indicated that whereas the histone mark H3K4Me3 (t

LL-37 is a cleaved antimicrobial residue peptide of hCAP18 (human cationic antimicrobial protein, 18kDa) in the family of cathelicidin. Cathelicidins are predominantly found in the peroxidase negative granules of neutrophils. And it has been shows broad antimicrobial activity towards gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

Translocation through the plasma membrane has been shown to be a major limiting step for the delivery of various macromolecules to the cytoplasm and other intracellular compartments (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus). Numerous studies have confirmed that specific peptide sequences known as cell penetrating peptides (CPP) derived from proteins able to cross the plasma membrane, can be added to various cargo and delivered across cell membranes. The cargo molecules that have been successfully transported into cells includes oligonucleotides, peptides, peptide nucleic acids, proteins and nanoparticles. One of these translocating peptides was derived from the HIV-1 Tat protein, specifically located within the first exon of the HIV tat protein. The specific HIV tat sequence is highly basic (cationic) and is readily added to peptides either as a preformed peptide with a site for direct conjugation to other molecules (typically a cysteine). Addition of the tat-cargo complex (5-50 uM concentrat